![]() ![]() Forming clots to seal broken blood vessels and stop bleeding.Helping to defend the body from pathogens and other foreign substances.Removing metabolic wastes from cells, including carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid.Supplying cells with nutrients, including glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.Supplying tissues with oxygen, which is needed by all cells for aerobic cellular respiration.Functions of Bloodīlood performs many important functions in the body. Indeed, without the oxygen carried in blood, cells of the brain start to die within a matter of minutes. It is no exaggeration to say that without blood, cells could not survive. As blood travels through the vessels of the cardiovascular system, it delivers vital substances (such as nutrients and oxygen) to all of the cells, and carries away their metabolic wastes. What makes blood so special that it features in widespread myths? Although blood accounts for less than 10% of human body weight, it is quite literally the elixir of life. Despite the ongoing studies, it remains unclear on the details of killing mechanism and its relation to the secretion of cytotoxic molecules Prf1 and Gzmb.Chapter 1 - Nature and Processes of Scienceġ.1 Case Study: Why Should You Learn About Science?ġ.7 Pseudoscience and Other Misuses of Scienceġ.8 Case Study Conclusion: To Give a Shot or NotĢ.1 Case Study: Why Should You Study Human Biology?Ģ.6 Case Study Conclusion: Our Invisible InhabitantsĤ.14 Case Study Conclusion: More Than Just Tiredĥ.10 Mendel's Experiments and Laws of Inheritanceĥ.12 Sexual Reproduction, Meiosis, and Gametogenesisĥ.18 Case Study Conclusion: Cancer in the FamilyĦ.1 Case Study: Our Similarities and DifferencesĦ.4 Human Responses to Environmental StressĦ.9 Case Study Conclusion: Your Genes May Help You Save a Lifeħ.9 Case Study Conclusion: Under PressureĨ.1 Case Study: The Control Centre of Your Bodyġ0.1 Case Study: Skin, Hair, and Nails - Decorative but Functionalġ0.2 Introduction to the Integumentary Systemġ0.8 Case Study Conclusion: Wearing His Heart on His Sleeveġ1.8 Case Study Conclusion: A Pain in the Footġ2.7 Case Study Conclusion: Needing to Relaxġ3.1 Case Study: Respiratory System and Gas Exchangeġ3.2 Structure and Function of the Respiratory Systemġ3.7 Case Study Conclusion: Cough That Won't Quitġ4.1 Case Study: Your Body's Transportation Systemġ4.2 Introduction to the Cardiovascular Systemġ5.2 Introduction to the Digestive Systemġ5.7 Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tractġ5.8 Case Study Conclusion: Please Don’t Pass the Breadġ6.5 Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethraġ6.7 Case Study Conclusion: Drink and Flushġ7.7 Case Study Conclusion: Defending Your Defensesġ8.2 Introduction to the Reproductive Systemġ8.3 Structures of the Male Reproductive Systemġ8.4 Functions of the Male Reproductive Systemġ8.5 Disorders of the Male Reproductive Systemġ8.6 Structures of the Female Reproductive Systemġ8.7 Functions of the Female Reproductive Systemġ8.9 Disorders of the Female Reproductive Systemġ8.12 Case Study Conclusion: Trying to ConceiveĬhapter 1 Answers: Nature and Processes of ScienceĬhapter 2 Answers: Biology: The Study of LifeĬhapter 7 Answers: Introduction to the Human BodyĬhapter 14 Answers: Cardiovascular Systemīlood is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body through blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. CTLs can recognize the death receptor Fas (FasL) expressed on target cells to induce programmed cell death. 5 The other mechanism is by activating the self-apoptosis process of the cells. found that even in the absence of perforin, the CTL could initiate necrosis and kill target cells by its mechanical movement. Prf1 creates holes in the membrane of target cells through which Gzmb enters to initiate various apoptosis pathways. The CTL identifies the target cell, forms an immunological synapse (IS) and releases perforin (Prf1) and soluble granzymes (Gzmb) from secretory lysosomes (SLs). One is degranulation induced upon the target cell recognition. 2 The killing mechanism mediated by CTLs has been studied extensively before and there are two main mechanisms. There are many types of T cells, among which the CTLs play a major role in destroying virus-infected cells and cancerous cells.
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